| DATE | OBSERVATION | OBLIQUITY | REMARKS |
| B.C. 2045 | Karnak | 25° 09' 55" |
summer solstice, sunset orientation
|
| B.C. 1570 | Karnak | 24° 32' 06" |
summer solstice, sunset orientation
|
| B.C. 1100 | ancient Chinese | 24° 13' 56" |
ancient observation, derived from "Chou-Pei"
|
| B.C. 1100 | ancient Chinese | 23° 54' 04" |
ascribed to Chou Kung, but corresponds to later date
|
| B.C. 900 | ancient Hindu | 24° 11' 04" |
derived from Jaina Astronomical Treatise "Suryaprajnapti"
|
| B.C. 700 | ancient Chinese | 24° 02' 06" |
derived from "Chou-Pei"
|
| B.C. 700 | ancient Chinese | 24° 01' 50" |
derived from "Chou-Pei"
|
| MEAN | 24° 01' 58" | ||
| B.C. 558 | Thales | 24° 00' 56" |
observations at Miletus
|
| B.C. 510 | ancient Hindu | 24° 00' 44" |
derived from the "Suryasiddhanta"
|
| B.C. 326 | Pytheas | 23° 53' 46" |
observations at Marseilles
|
| B.C. 326 | Pytheas | 23° 54' 53" |
observations at Marseilles
|
| MEAN | 23° 54' 20" | ||
| B.C. 230 | Eratosthenes | 23° 52' 04" |
observations at Alexandria
|
| B.C. 230 | Eratosthenes | 23° 51' 47" |
observations at Syene at Summer Soltice
|
| B.C. 230 | Eratosthenes | 23° 51' 59" |
observations at Syene at both Soltices
|
| B.C. 230 | Eratosthenes | 23° 52' 12" |
observations of shadowless area at Summer Solstice
|
| MEAN | 23° 52' 00" | ||
| B.C. 135 | Hipparchus | 23° 52' 16" |
observations at Rhodes
|
| B.C. 130 | ancient Chinese | 23° 54' 04" |
from figures given by Haui-Nan-Tzu (died B.C. 122)
|
| B.C. 80 | ancient Chinese | 23° 53' 46" |
observations at Loyang. Figures given by Lieou Hiang
|
| A.D. 80 | Chinese | 23° 54' 04" |
from figures given by the authors of the See-fen Astronomy, but result corresponds to earlier date of observation
|
| A.D. 139 | Ptolemy | 23° 48' 16" |
observations at Alexandria
|
| A.D. 521 | Chinese | 23° 40' 36" |
observations at Nanking (9 foot gnomon)
|
| A.D. 521 | Chinese | 23° 41' 59" |
observations at Nanking (8 foot gnomon)
|
| A.D. 521 | Chinese | 23° 41' 31" |
observations by Ouey Tartars at Kaifeng-fu, probably
|
| MEAN | 23° 41' 22" | ||
| A.D. 578 | Chinese | 23° 41' 12" |
observations at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 579 | Chinese | 23° 41' 12" |
observations at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 581 | Chinese | 23° 41' 12" |
observations at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 584 | Chinese | 23° 41' 30" |
observations at Loyang
|
| A.D. 596 | Chinese | 23° 42' 12" |
observations at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 597 | Chinese | 23° 42' 12" |
observations at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 629 | Chinese | 23° 40' 07" |
observations by Litchou-foung at Sianfu
|
| A.D. 829 | Al Mamun | 23° 35' 00" |
observations at Bagdad
|
| A.D. 880 | Al Battani | 23° 35' 54" |
observations at Rakka in Syria
|
| A.D. 916 | Arab | 23° 35' 50" |
mean of numerous Arab observations from A.D.829-1019
|
| A.D. 1000 | Ibn Junis | 23° 36' 11" |
observations at Cairo
|
| A.D. 1049 - 1052 | Chinese | 23° 33' 40" |
observations as Kaifeng-fu
|
| A.D. 1070 | Alzarkali | 23° 34' 42" |
observations at Toledo
|
| A.D. 1100 | Chinese | 23° 34' 32" |
observations at Kaifeng-fu
|
| A.D. 1130 | Chinese | 23° 31' 48" |
observations at Hang Chow
|
| A.D. 1140 | Almaeon | 23° 34' 12" |
observations at Toledo
|
| A.D. 1174 | Ben Maimon | 23° 31' 51" |
observations at Cordova
|
| A.D. 1250 | Alphonsine Tables | 23° 33' 11" |
observations at Toledo
|
| A.D. 1277-1280 | Chinese | 23° 33' 02" |
observations by Ko-Chou-King at Peking
|
| A.D. 1290 | Nasar-Al-Din | 23° 31' 40" |
observations at Maragha (Persia)
|
| A.D. 1290 | Guilliame de St. Cloud | 23° 34' 00" |
observation at Paris
|
| A.D. 1328 | Prophatius Judaeus | 23° 32' 42" |
observations at Toledo
|
| A.D. 1332 | Jean de Lignieres | 23° 33' 31" |
observations at Paris
|
| A.D. 1363 | Ibn al Shatir | 23° 32' 32" |
observations at Cairo
|
| A.D. 1437 | Ulugh Beigh | 23° 31' 44" |
observations at Samarkand
|
| A.D. 1460 | Purbach and Regiomontanus | 23° 30' 37" |
observations at Erfurt, Nurnberg, and Vienna
|
| A.D. 1468 | Toscanelli | 23° 31' 47" |
observations at Florence
|
| A.D. 1491 | Walther | 23° 30' 50" |
observations at Nurnberg
|
| A.D. 1491 | Novarra | 23° 30' 56" |
observations at Bologna
|
| A.D. 1514 | Werner | 23° 30' 33" |
observations at Nurnberg
|
| A.D. 1525 | Copernicus | 23° 30' 30" |
observations at Frauenberg
|
| A.D. 1570 | Ignatius | 23° 29' 00" |
observations at Bologna (corrections uncertain)
|
| A.D. 1570 | Dante Prince of Hess | 23° 31' 00" |
observations at Cassel (corrections uncertain)
|
| A.D. 1570 | Rothmann & Byrge | 23° 30' 20" |
observations at Cassel (corrections uncertain)
|
| MEAN | 23° 30' 07" | ||
| A.D. 1587 | Tycho Brahe | 23° 29' 49" |
observations at Uraniborg
|
| A.D. 1594 | Wright | 23° 30' 00" |
observations at Cambridge
|
| A.D. 1616 | Wendelin | 23° 30' 16" |
observations at Forcalquier in the Basses Alpes
|
| A.D. 1627 | Kepler | 23° 30' 30" |
observations at Linz (Upper Austria)
|
| A.D. 1636 | Peiresc | 23° 30' 23" |
observations at Marseilles
|
| A.D. 1636 | Gassendi | 23° 29' 58" |
observations at Marseilles
|
| A.D. 1650 | Riccioli | 23° 29' 40" |
observations at Bologna
|
| A.D. 1658 | Hevelius | 23° 29' 27" |
observations at Danzig
|
| A.D. 1664 | Cassini | 23° 29' 08" |
observations at Bologna and Paris
|
| A.D. 1686 | Wurzelbaur | 23° 28' 52" |
observations at Nurnberg
|
| A.D. 1660 | Montons | 23° 29' 03" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1672 | Richer | 23° 28' 52" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1686 | La Hire | 23° 29' 28" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1689.5 | Flamsteed | 23° 28' 56" |
Ball's Astronomy
|
| A.D. 1690 | Flamsteed | 23° 28' 48" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1690 | Flamsteed | 23° 29' 00" |
Hutton
|
| MEAN | 23° 28' 55" | ||
| A.D. 1703 | Bianchini | 23° 28' 35" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1703 | Bianchini | 23° 28' 25" |
Hutton
|
| MEAN | 23° 28' 30" | ||
| A.D. 1706 | Roemer | 23° 28' 41" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1715 | Louville | 23° 28' 24" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1730 | Godin | 23° 28' 20" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1736 | Condamine | 23° 28' 24" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1743 | Cassini de Thury | 23° 28' 26" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1750 | Lacaille | 23° 28' 19" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1750 | Bradley | 23° 28' 18" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1755 | Bradley | 23° 28' 15" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1756 | Mayer | 23° 28' 16" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica and Hutton
|
| A.D. 1769 | Maskelyne | 23° 28' 10" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica and Hutton
|
| A.D. 1772 | Hornsby | 23° 28' 08" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1779 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 28' 07" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1780 | Cassini | 23° 27' 54" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1795 | Maskelyne | 23° 27' 58" |
Ball's Astronomy
|
| A.D. 1800 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 27' 50" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1800 | Maskelyne | 23° 27' 57" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica and Hutton
|
| A.D. 1800 | Piazzi | 23° 27' 56" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica and Hutton
|
| A.D. 1800 | Pond | 23° 27' 56" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1800 | Delambre | 23° 27' 57" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica and Hutton -- hundreds of observations
|
| A.D. 1800 | Bessel | 23° 27' 55" |
Ball's Astronomy
|
| A.D. 1812 | English and French Astronomers | 23° 27' 42" |
Hutton
|
| A.D. 1813 | Pond | 23° 27' 49" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1813 | Brinkley | 23° 27' 50" |
Ball's Astronomy
|
| A.D. 1813 | Arago and Mathieu | 23° 27' 49" |
Grant (History of Physical Astronomy)
|
| A.D. 1815 | Bessel | 23° 27' 48" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1816 | Brinkley | 23° 27' 49" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1825 | Pearson | 23° 27' 44" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1835 | Airy | 23° 27' 40" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1850 | Leverrier | 23° 27' 32" |
Encyclopaedia Britannica
|
| A.D. 1868 | Airy | 23° 27' 22" |
Ball's Astronomy
|
| A.D. 1880 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 27' 17.6" | |
| A.D. 1900 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 27' 08" | |
| A.D. 1920 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 26' 58.9" | |
| A.D. 1940 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 26' 49.5" | |
| A.D. 1949 | Nautical Almanac | 23° 26' 45.3" |
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